Table of Content

  1. IFR Operations in the National Airspace System
  2. Takeoffs and Departures
    • Safety in the Departure Environment
      • Surface Movement Safety
        • Airport Sketches and Diagrams
        • Airport/Facility Directory
        • Surface Movement Guidance Control System
        • Airport Signage/Lighting/Markings
      • Runway Incursions
        • Runway Hotspots
        • Standardized Taxi Routes
        • Runway Safety Program
    • Takeoff Minimums
      • Takeoff Minimums for Commercial Operators
      • Operations Specifications
        • Head-Up Guidance System
      • Ceiling and Visibility Requirements
        • Runway Visual Range
        • Runway Visibility Value
        • Prevailing Visibility
        • Tower Visibility
        • Adequate Visual Reference
        • Automated Weather Systems
        • Automatic Terminal Information Service and Digital ATIS
      • IFR Alternate Requirements
      • Alternate Minimums for Commercial Operators
    • Departure Procedures
      • Design Criteria
      • Airport Runway Analysis
      • SID Versus DP
      • Obstacle Departure Procedures
        • Flight Planning Considerations
      • Standard Instrument Departures
      • Pilot NAV and Vector SIDS
        • Flight Planning Considerations
        • Procedural Notes
      • DP Responsibility
      • Procedures Assigned by ATC
      • Procedures Not Assigned by ATC
      • Departures from Tower-Controlled Airports
      • Departures from Airports without an Operating Control Tower
        • Ground Communications Outlets
      • Obstacle Avoidance
        • Climb Gradients and Climb Rates
        • See and Avoid Techniques
      • Area Navigation Departures
        • RNAV Departure Procedures
        • Pilot Responsibility for Use of RNAV Departures
      • Radar Departure
        • Diverse Vector Area
        • VFR Departure
      • Noise Abatement Procedures
  3. En Route Operations
    • En Route Navigation
      • Air Route Traffic Control Centers
      • Preferred IFR Routes
      • Substitute En Route Flight Procedures
      • Tower En Route Control
      • Airway and Route System
        • Monitoring of Navigation Facilities
        • LF Airways/Routes
        • VHF Airways/Routes
        • VHF En Route Obstacle Clearance Areas
        • Primary Area
        • Secondary Area
        • NAVAID Service Volume
        • Navigational Gaps
        • Changeover Points
    • IFR En Route Altitudes
      • Minimum En Route Altitude
      • Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude
      • Minimum Vectoring Altitudes
      • Minimum Reception Altitude
      • Minimum Crossing Altitude
      • Maximum Authorized Altitude
      • IFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level
      • Lowest Usable Flight Level
      • Operations in Other Countries
    • Reporting Procedures
      • Nonradar Position Reports
    • Communication Failure
    • Climbing and Descending En Route
      • Pilot/Controller Expectations
      • Aircraft Speed and Altitude
    • Holding Procedures
      • ATC Holding Instructions
      • Maximum Holding Speed
      • High Performance Holding
    • Fuel State Awareness
    • Diversion Procedures
    • En Route RNAV Procedures
      • Off Airway Routes
      • Direct Flights
      • Random RNAV Routes
      • Off Route Obstacle Clearance Altitude
      • Published RNAV Routes
        • Composition of Designators
        • Use of Designators in Communications
      • RNAV Minimum En Route Altitude
      • Minimum IFR Altitude
      • WayPoints
        • User-Defined Waypoints
        • Floating Waypoints
        • Computer Navigation Fixes
      • High Altitude Airspace Redesign
      • Q Routes
      • Non-Restrictive Routing
      • Navigation Reference System
      • T-Routes
      • IFR Transition Routes
      • Required Navigation Performance
      • Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums
  4. Arrivals
    • Transition From En Route
      • Top of Descent
      • Descent Planning
      • Cruise Clearance
      • Holding Patterns
      • Descending from the En Route Altitude
      • Approach Clearance
    • Present Position Direct
    • Radar Vectors to Final Approach Course
    • High Performance Airplane Arrivals
    • Airspeed
    • Controlled Flight into Terrain
      • Arrival Navigation Concepts
    • Standard Terminal Arrival Routes
      • Interpreting the STAR
    • Vertical Navigation Planning
    • Arrival Procedures
      • Preparing for the Arrival
    • Reviewing the Approach
      • Altitude
      • RNAV STARS or STAR Transitions
    • Special Airport Qualification
  5. Approaches
    • Approach Planning
      • Weather Considerations
    • Weather Sources
      • Broadcast Weather
      • Automatic Terminal Information Service
      • Automated Weather Observing Programs
      • Center Weather
      • Regulatory Requirements
    • Part 91 Operators
    • Part 135 Operators
    • Part 121 Operators
      • Performance Considerations
    • Airplane Performance Operating Limitations
    • Approach Speed and Category
      • Operational Considerations
    • Approach Chart Formats
    • Approach Chart Naming Conventions
      • Straight-In Procedures
      • Circling Only Procedures
      • Area Navigation Approaches
      • Communications
        • Approach Control
    • Air Route Traffic Control Center
      • Airports With an Air Traffic Control Tower
      • Airports Without an Air Traffic Control Tower
      • Primary NAVAID
      • Approach Chart Notes
      • Courses
      • Area Navigation Courses
      • Altitudes
        • Minimum Safe Altitude
        • Final Approach Fix Altitude
        • Minimum Descent Altitude, Decision Altitude, and Decision Height
      • Vertical Navigation
      • Wide Area Augmentation System
      • Required Navigation Performance
      • RNAV Approach Authorization
      • Airport/Runway Information
    • Instrument Approach Procedure Briefing
      • Navigation and Communication Radios
      • Flight Management Systems
      • Autopilot Modes
      • Stabilized Approach
      • Descent Rates and Glidepaths for Nonprecision Approaches
      • Transition to Visual
      • Missed Approach
      • Example Approach Briefing
    • Instrument Approach Procedure Segments
      • Feeder Routes
      • Terminal Routes
      • DME Arcs
      • Course Reversal
      • Initial Approach Segment
      • Intermediate Approach Segment
      • Final Approach Segment
      • Missed Approach Segment
    • Approach Clearance
      • Vectors to Final Approach Course
      • Nonradar Environment
    • Types of Approaches
      • Visual and Contact Approaches
        • Visual Approaches
        • Contact Approaches
        • Charted Visual Flight Procedures
      • RNAV Approaches
        • Terminal Arrival Areas
        • RNAV Final Approach Design Criteria
        • GPS Overlay of Nonprecision Approach
        • GPS Stand-Alone/RNAV (GPS) Approach
        • RNAV (GPS) Approach Using WAAS
    • ILS Approaches
      • ILS Approach Categories
        • Category II and III Approaches
      • ILS Approaches to Parallel Runways
        • Parallel
        • Simultaneous
        • Precision Runway Monitor
        • Sinultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches
        • Converging
    • Microwave Landing System
    • VOR Approach
    • NDB Approach
    • Radar Approaches
      • Precision Approach Radar
      • Airport Surveillance Radar
      • Localizer Approaches
      • Localizer and Localizer DME
      • Localizer Back Course
      • Localizer-Type Directional Aid
    • Simplified Directional Facility
  6. System Improvement Plans
    • Fleet Improvement
      • Electronic Flight Bag
    • Increasing Capacity and Safety
      • Increasing the Departure/Arrival Rate
        • More Runways
          • Surface Traffic Management
          • Terminal Airspace Redesign
        • Separation Standards
      • Maintaining Runway Use in Reduced Visibility
        • LAAS and WAAS Implementation
    • Reducing En Route Congestion
      • Matching Airspace Design to Demands
      • Reducing Voice Communication
        • Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
        • Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
      • Reducing Vertical Separation
      • Reducing Horizontal Separation
        • Direct Routing
        • Accommodating User Preferred Routing
      • Improving Access to Special Use Airspace
      • Handling En Route Severe Weather
      • National Route Program
    • Developing Technology
  7. Helicopter Instrument Procedures
    • Helicopter IFR Certification
    • Flight and Navigation Equipment
    • Miscellaneous Requirements
    • Stabilization and Automatic Flight Control System
    • Helicopter Flight Manual Limitations
    • Operations Specifications
    • Minimum Equipment List
    • Pilot Proficiency
    • Helicopter VFR Minimums
    • Helicopter IFR Takeoff Minimums
    • Helicopter IFR Alternates
    • Part 91 Operators
    • Part 135 Operators
    • Helicopter Instrument Approaches
    • Standard Instrument Approach Procedures to an Airport
    • Copter Only Approaches to an Airport or Heliport
    • Copter GPS Approaches to an Airport or Heliport
    • Helicopter Approaches to VFR Heliports
    • Approach to a Point-in-Space
    • Approach to a Specific VFR Heliport
    • Inadvertent IMC
    • IFR Heliports